中国专业当代艺术资讯平台
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艺术家简介


  西丽·娜沙特于1957年在伊朗出生,1970至1980年间在美国加利福尼亚接受艺术教育。1979年伊朗回教革命发生后,她长期定居纽约。

  西丽·娜沙特的艺术职业生涯始于上世纪九十年代的一次伊朗之旅。在这次旅程中,宗教政权统治下的社会,尤其是女性的生存状态深深震撼了她。于是,她披上传统的黑纱,露出随身佩带的武器和书写在身体上的祷文,拿起相机,开始进行黑白摄影创作。压迫、权力、性别、生活、死亡和殉难等是她主要关注的对象。

  她的大型影像装置作品也相继诞生。其中,作品《狂暴》(Turbulent,1998)曾荣获1999年威尼斯双年展金狮奖。 娜沙特的创作建立在其伊朗原乡情感的伊斯兰宗教、社会及女性束缚之间的关系背景上,并在当今跨文化范畴下进行探讨。男人与女人,个人与社会,权力与无力,性与放逐等关系都是娜沙特探讨的主题。她以视觉论述的方式,结合女性细腻的思维特征与浓厚的诗意,使作品更趋精炼、成熟与完美。

  西丽·娜沙特以描绘其原乡伊斯兰文化的概念摄影及影像而著称,风格华丽、优美,充满诗意。作为常年定居美国的伊朗人,她用视觉论述的方式,着力探讨当今伊斯兰社会里的宗教和世俗、女人和男人、传统和现代、东方和西方等复杂关系。我们将透过她的镜头看到不一样的伊斯兰——在伊斯兰语境下发生的人类共通的问题——这有别于911事件后人们所熟知的由媒体制造、单一且负面的伊斯兰印象。

  《《没有男人的女人们》——《玛朵塔》、《扎琳》、《慕尼思》、《菲伊洁》和《法洛可·勒贾》,是美籍伊朗艺术家西丽·娜沙特于2004到2008年间摄制完成的魔幻写实影像作品集。以影片女主角名字命名的五个影像作品,分别在五个独立空间内组成七个投影装置。影片全长达1小时15分钟。

  娜沙特的创作蓝本来自伊朗女作家帕西普尔(Shahrnush Parsipur)于1989年遭禁的同名小说。故事描述的是1953年,美英情报部门帮助伊朗国王夺回政权的政变下,首都德黑兰五位女人交织的生活。当时,由民主选举产生的伊朗政府将英伊石油公司国有化,触犯了英国人的利益。政变巩固了亲西方的伊朗国王巴勒维德的地位,直到1979年被伊斯兰革命推翻。小说描述了在这场国家危机中,五位勇敢追求自由的女性如何挣扎抵制社会对她们施压的故事。

  在影片中,娜沙特保留了原著的神奇写实味道,并融入更多魔幻和超自然的因素与之互动。另一方面,对于原著描绘的动作情节,娜沙特的处理手法非常自由。她把焦点放在体现书中所营造的氛围和基调上,而非再现原著。

  五个女主角——玛朵塔、扎琳、慕尼思、菲伊洁和法洛可·勒贾的故事内涵是权力与无力之间的较量。她们以不同的方式挣扎、抵抗,最后选择逃离原来的社会,寻找能庇护自己的桃花源。对这些女人而言,生活是一场为自由之战,一场与严酷的社会礼教和禁忌抗争的旅程。

  伊朗人民日益强烈的追求民主及独立的意识,以及小说中女人们通过发疯、学鸟儿飞翔、反抗或顺从等方式抗争求生的精神,共同凝结成娜沙特的创作动力,制作出了令人惊叹的《没有男人的女人们》系列作品。

  “对话西丽·娜沙特,纽约,2005” 纪录片导演:维贝克·布吕德(Vibeke Bryld)

  《玛朵塔》 2004 [13:35]

  影片讲述了孤独的女人玛朵塔魔幻而神奇的故事。玛朵塔生活在对性的强烈恐惧中。对处女贞操的极端器重和对生育的强烈渴望让她困扰不已。为寻求解脱,她来到一座置身荒漠却异样富饶的神秘花园,并展开离奇的生活。她放弃了人的身份,把自己当成一棵树,种在地里。这样,她既保住了自己的处女身,又能开花结果,传播种子。

  超现实式华丽或梦魇般的自然画面,通过三个并列的投影装置描绘了这个被迷念和疯狂折磨的女人。最终,玛朵塔挣脱了社会和性爱禁忌的束缚,实现了某种形式的自由和独立——身着白色衣裙如浮尸般在水中漂流——成为了自然的一部分。

  曾经有人批评,中国艺术家一到国外,就开始卖弄火药、长城、中医、汉字等中国符号,迎合外国人的猎奇心理。其实许多艺术家都这样做,未可厚非。黑人艺术家标榜非洲传统,日本艺术家强调东方精神,对于伊朗女艺术家西丽·娜沙特(Shirin Neshat)来说,则是宗教、女性、革命等时髦语汇。

  人们都称娜沙特为伊朗女艺术家,她也以这种身份参加各种国际大展,以这种身份一次次获奖。虽然她早已美国化,到底能不能代表伊朗女性,还是问题。她于1957生于伊朗,1974年就被家里送到美国读中学,大学,不久伊朗发生了革命,她就在纽约定居下来。她更准确的称呼应该是美籍伊朗人。1990年代,她有几次回到出生地拍作品,在祖国她显然不受欢迎,因为害怕报复1996年后一直没敢再回伊朗。这并不意味着她胆小,2006年底她声称准备拍摄50多年前美国颠覆伊朗政府的电影,还有媒体夸她“行为大胆”呢!在记者会上,她顺便把当今的美国总统布什骂了一通,痛斥他“极度歪曲历史”。

  娜沙特的名作《安拉的女人》,妇女们一律披裹黑纱,显示了伊斯兰文化对于女性的严峻影响;她们裸露的面容,手背或手心,足底,密密麻麻写满了伊朗文字,不妨看成传统文化对她们身体的规训;没有欢笑,没有柔情,姿态严肃得有些僵硬,然而它们目光炯炯,仿佛明察秋毫的女战士——画面上经常添上一枝冰冷的枪。在我看来,她表现的是宗教、文化和革命三重力量塑造下重任在肩的伊朗女性。

  伊朗属波斯民族,说波斯语,与讲阿拉伯语的阿拉伯民族大不相同,虽然二者都信仰同一种宗教。娜沙特揭示的是波斯女性在伊斯兰文化中的生存问题,却往往被人们粗心地误读为阿拉伯艺术,这种误读对她有利,因为后者一直是当代国际政治热点。伊斯兰革命后的伊朗让娜沙特震惊,在1997年的一次访谈中,她描述自己重返家乡后的感受:“我记忆中的伊朗文化和我现在所见到的差异实在太大了。这种变化令人作栗,我从未想象过一个国家会如此意识形态化。”她不但拍照片,还制作了《骚动》、《执迷》、《热情》等录象装置,以华丽的想像,表现伊斯兰社会中女性与男性的隔膜和怨怼。

  她说:“我把我的作品看作女性主义和当代伊斯兰的一种视觉表述——这种表述将某种虚构的东西与现实混在一起,希望告诉人们现实生活远比我们所想象的要更为复杂。”

  娜沙特的摄影语言极其简练,准确,得极少主义的神髓。那些写满脸部和双手的波斯文字,形成优美而精致的装饰图案,刻画在女性雪白细腻的肌肤上,如同最贴身的面纱和手套。当她们掀开黑布面纱的一角张望世界,我们清楚地知道,还有一层更柔软的文化面纱没有被揭开。文字对于娜沙特是如此重要,见过她一件不戴面纱的作品,画面惟有一只沉默而失神的大眼睛,眼白里全是字。我不禁想,戴了面纱的眼睛会看见什么呢?

 

年鉴


Shirin Neshat Biography 1957 Born in Qazvin, Iran 1990 Recipient of a Sponsored Project Grant, New York State Council on the Arts 1992 Artist in Residence, Henry Street Settlement, New York 1995 Recipient of a Mid-Atlantic Photography Fellowship 1995 Recipient of an Art Matters Grant 1996 Recipient of a New York Foundation for Arts Photography Fellowship 1996 Recipient of a grant from Tiffany Foundation 1999 First International Prize, 48th Venice Biennale 1999 Prize for Best Project, ARCO, Madrid, Spain 2000 CalArts, Alpert Award in the Arts, Pasadena, CA 2000 Visual Art Award, “Herald Angel," Edinburgh International Festival 2000 Grand Prix, Kwangju Biennale, Seoul, Korea 2001 Visiting Artist, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Skowhegan, ME 2002 Infinity Award for Visual Art, International Center for Photography, New York 2003 Honoree at The First Annual Risk Takers in the Arts 2003 Celebration, given by The Sundance Institute, New York 2003 ZeroOne Award, Universität der Künste, Berlin, Germany 2003 Fine Art Prize, Heitland Foundation, Celle, Germany 2005 Award, Hiroshima City Museum of Art, Hiroshima, Japan Now Lives in New York City Selected Exhibitions 2008 “Shirin Neshat,” Gladstone Gallery, New York 2008 “Shirin Neshat: New Works,” Galerie Jérôme de Noirmont, Paris 2008 “Women Without Men,” ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Denmark 2008 “Me Ophelia,” The Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, NL 2008 “Stereotypes,” The Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany 2008 “Wanderers in Contemporary Video Art,” Museo Civico, Commune di Siena, Siena, Italy 2007 “Foto.Kunst,” Essl Museum, Vienna 2007 "Kunst Film Biennale," Köln 2007 "Ten Years," Emily Tsingou Gallery, London 2007 "So Close / So Far Away," BE-Part Platform voor actuele kunst, Waregem 2007 "Weltempfänger," Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg 2007 “Shirin Neshat,” Galeria Filomena Soares, Lisbon, Portugal 2006 “Shirin Neshat,” Lumen Travo Gallery, Amsterdam, NL (solo) 2006 “Shirin Neshat,” Espoo Museum of Modern Art, Espoo, Finland (solo) 2006 ”Shirin Neshat: The Last Word,” Centro Atlantico de Arte Moderno, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (solo) 2006 “Shirin Neshat,” Stedelijk Museum CS, Amsterdam, NL (solo) 2006 "Kapital," Kent Gallery, New York 2006 "Saastamoinen Foundation Art Collection," Espoo Museum of Modern Art, Helsinki 2006 "A Selected State," emily Tsingou gallery, London, England 2006 "Reverence," Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art, Peekskill, New York 2005 “Zarin,” Gladstone Gallery, New York (solo) 2005 Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum Für Gegenwart, Berlin (solo) 2005 Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Leon, Spain (solo) 2005 Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Hiroshima, Japan (solo) 2005 “Remapped Realities,” Eyebeam, New York 2005 “Some Stories,” Kunsthalle Vienna, Austria 2005 “Figure It Out,” Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art, Peekskill, New York 2004 Auckland Art Gallery, New Zealand (solo) 2004 “Non Toccare La Donna Bianca:, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo per l’Arte, Turin 2004 “In Bed”, Toyota Art Museum, Japan 2004 “From Bonifatius to Beuys,” Kunsthalle Erfurt, Germany 2004 “The Parallell World of Marrakech,” Lille 2004, France 2003 “Tooba” Asia Society Museum, New York (solo) 2003 Galeria Filomena Soares, Lisbon, Portugal (solo) 2003 Lumen Travo Gallery, Amsterdam (solo) 2003 Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City (solo) 2003 “ICP Triennial of Photography and Video,: International Center of Photography, New York 2003 “Bill Viola and Shirin Neshat,” The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia 2003 “Fantasies of the Harem and the New Sherezades," Centre de Cultura Contemporania, Barcelona 2003 "The Natural Cosmos," Staadtische Kunsthalle Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany 2002 Castello di Rivoli, Turin, Italy (solo) 2002 Centre for Contemporary Art, Ujazdowski Castle, Warsaw (solo) 2002 Banco di Brasil, Rio de Janeiro (solo) 2002 Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Aarhus, Denmark (solo) 2002 "Diversions," Contemporary Art Museum, Baltimore 2002 "Synopsis II-Theologies,” The New Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens 2002 "Alter Ego,” Jean-Gabriel Mitterand Galerie, Paris 2002 "Moving Pictures," Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum of Art, New York 2001 “Galerie Farschou, 1986-2001,” Galeri Farschou, Copenhagen, Denmark 2001 “Fervor,” Tensta Konsthall, Spanga, Sweden 2001 "New Acquisitions from the Dakis Joannou Collection,” Deste Foundation, Centre for Contemporary Art, Athens 2001 Biennial de Valencia, Valencia, Spain 2001 Musée d'Art Contemporain de Montreal; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston; Miami Art Museum (solo) 2001 Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland (solo) 2001 Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York (solo) 2000 Serpentine Gallery, London (solo) 2000 Pitti Discovery, Florence, Italy (solo) 2000 Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna, Austria (solo) 2000 Lia Rumma, Milan, Italy (solo) 2000 Wexner Center, Columbus, Ohio (solo) 2000 "Corpo Chimico,” Cá di Fra, Milan, Italy 2000 "Photography Now: An International Survey of Contemporary Photography," Contemporary Arts Center, New Orleans, Lousiiana 2000 "Erresitentziak/Resistencias," Koldo Mitxelena, Donostia-San Sebastian 2000 "La Beauté in Avignon," Avignon, France 1999 "Heaven: An Exhibition That Will Break Your Heart," Tate Gallery Liverpool, England 1999 "Zeitwenden: Rückblick und Ausblick," Kunstmuseum Bonn, Germany 1999 "Project 70: Shirin Neshat, Simon Patterson, Xu Bing," The Museum of Modern Art, New York 1999 "Voiceovers," Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 1999 Malmö Konsthall, Malmö, Sweden (solo) 1999 Art Institute of Chicago (solo) 1999 D’Amelio Terras, New York (solo) 1999 Henie Onstad Artsentre, Oslo, Norway (solo) 1998 Tate Gallery, London, England (solo) 1998 Whitney Museum of American Art, Philip Morris Branch, New York (solo) 1998 Thomas Rehbein Gallery, Köln (solo) 1998 "Unfinished History” Walker Art Center, Minneapolis 1998 "In The Detail” Barbara Gross Galerie, Munich, Germany 1997 "Triple X: Contemporary Investigating Arts," International Art Festival, Amsterdam, Holland 1997 "Der Rest der Welt” Haus Der Kulturen Der Welt, Berlin, Germany 1997 "International Art Festival City of Medellin," Medellin, Columbia 1997 Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Slovania (solo) 1997 Annina Nosei Gallery, New York (solo) 1997 Lumen Travo, Amsterdam, Holland (solo) 1996 Centre d’Art Contemporain Kunsthalle, Fribourg, Switzerland (solo) 1996 Marco Noire Contemporary Arts, Turin, Italy (solo) 1996 "Jurassic Technologies Revenant, Sydney Biennial” Australia 1996 "Le Masque et le Miroir” Rencontres Internationales de la Photographie, Arles, France 1995 "Orientation," USA participation, Istanbul Biennial 95, Turkey 1995 "Transculture” Venice Biennial 95, Venice 1995 Annina Nosei Gallery, New York (solo) 1994 "Three New Photographers," Haines Gallery, San Francisco 1994 "Revolving Histories,” SF Camerawork, San Francisco 1994 "Beyond the Borders: Art By Recent Immigrants,”The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx 1993 "The Office: History, Fantasy and Irregular Protocols," site-specific Installations in an abandoned Wall Street office building, organized by the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council in New York 1993 Franklin Furnace, New York (solo) 1990 "Fever" Exit Art Gallery, New York Multi Media Performance 2003 “Logic of the Birds,” Ortigia Festival, Syracuse, Siclily, July 25 – 27 2002 "Logic of the Birds,” Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, June 20-23 2002 "Logic of the Birds," Lincoln Center, New York, July 12-13 2002 "Logic of the Birds," ArtAngel, London, November 7-17 2001 “Logic of the Birds (Phase One),” The Kitchen, New York Film Screenings 2004 Brooklyn Art Museum 2004 Museum of Modern Art, New York 2004 Melbourne Arts Festival 2004 Santa Barbara Film festival 2004 Nemo Film Festival, Paris 2004 Unesco Headquarter, Paris 2003 Sundance Film Festival, Salt Lake City 2003 Smithsonian Institution, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington D.C. 2003 UCLA Film and Television Archive, Los Angeles 2003 Gene Siskel Film Center, Chicago 2003 Tribeca Film Festival, New York 2003 Athens International Film Festival 2003 Edinburgh International Film festival 2003 Kunst Film Biennale, Cologne 2002 Locarno Film Festival, Switzerland 2002 Dans Le Cadre Du Festival International De Films De Fribourg, Centre D'Art 2002 Contemporain Kunsthalle, Fribourg, France 2002 "Outer & Inner Space: A Video Exhibition in Three Parts/Part Two," Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond 2002 Forum des Images, Paris 2002 Thessaloniki International Film Festival, Athens, Greece 2002 Philadelphia Museum of Art 2001 Chicago International Film Festival, Chicago 2001 San Francisco Film Festival, San Francisco, CA 2001 London Iranian Film Festival, London 2001 Virginia Film Festival, Charlottesville, VA 2001 Pacific Film Archive Festival, Oakland, CA 2000 Telluride Film Festival, Telluride, CO 2000 Locamo Film Festival, Switzerland 2000 Rotterdam Film Festival, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Literature 2006 “Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking”, New Yorker, April 17, 2006, pg. 13 2006 Green, Tyler, “MOMA Keeps the Walls Clean; Islamic Show Sans Politics”, The New York Observer, April 3, 2006 2006 The Conscious Reader, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education Inc, New York, pp.188-9. 2005 Paparoni, Demetrio, L’arte contemporanea e il suo metodo, Grafica Veneta S.p.A. di Trebaseleghe. Venice. 2005 2005 Ravenal, John, “Shirin Neshat: Double Vision” in Reclaiming Female Agency: Feminist Art History After Postmodernism, edited by Norma Broude and Mary D. Garrard, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, pp. 447-458. 2005 Art 2: Practice, eds. Margaret Marsh, Michelle Watts, Craig Malyon, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 256. 2004 Thorson, Alice, “Women resisting repression,” The Kansas City Star, Dec. 19, 2004. 2004 McNamara, TJ. “Raw Power from the Shadows.” New Zealand Harold, September 1st. 2004 Brownson, Ron. Through the Eyes of Shirin Neshat. Auckland Art Gallery, August 2004. 2003 Aghdashloo, Aydeen. Cultural Criticism: Conversations on Art. Published by Fanoos, Tehran, Iran. (Chapter on Shirin Neshat, pp. 193-201). 2003 Riveroli, Julieta. “Atribuye Censura a Poder Expresivo.” Reforma, Mexico, June 5, 2003. 2003 Vitali, Valentina. “Between Art and Cinema: A Conversation with Shirin Neshat.” N Paradoxa. Volume 12. 2003, pp. 33 43. 2002 Price, Stuart. “Don’t Miss.” The Independent, London. November 1, 2002. 2002 Macdonald, Susan. “Artist in search of truth after the revolution.” The Times. October 26, 2002, pp. 8-9 and section cover. 2002 Art Tomorrow, Edward Lucie-Smith, Paris 2002 2001 Great Themes in Art, John Walford, Prentice Hall. 2001 Nejadmehr, Rasoul, “Den kvinnliga blickens hemlighet (“The Secret of the Female Gaze”),” Divan, 1-2. 2001 Root, Deborah, “The Ambivalent Yearnings of Shirin Neshat,” Prefix Photo, Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 48-61. 2000 Malik, Amna, “The Poetics of the Veil,” Portfolio, issue #32. 2000 Schjeldahl, Peter, “Pragmatic Hedonism,” The New Yorker, April 3. 2000 Shirin Neshat: Two Installations, Bill Horrigan, Wexner Center for the Arts, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1999 Cream. Contemporary Art in Culture, New York, Phaidon Press. 1999 Miller, Paul, “Motion Picture: Shirin Neshat’s Turbulent,” Parkett, issue #54. 1999 Neel, Alex, “Shirin Neshat: Turbulent,” Time Out New York, January 7. 1998 Geneva Anderson, “Fundamentale Gesichtspunkte: Ein Gesprach mit Shirin Neshat,” Neue Bildende Kunst. 1998 Goodman, Jonathan, “Poetic Justice: Shirin Neshat Defends the Faith,” World Art, issue #16. 1997 Kleinschmidt, Klaus, “Shirin Neshat,” Spiegel Das KulturMagazin EXTRA Border/Lines, Toronto, Canada, February 1997 Paldi, Livia, “Allah asszonyai,” interview, Budapest, Hungary, Balkon, June. 1997 Shirin Neshat, Marco Noire Contemporary Art, solo exhibition catalogue, Turin, Italy. 1996 Echoes: Contemporary Art at the Age of Endless Conclusions, edited by Francesco Bonami, published by The Monacelli Press, New York. 1996 Lemme, Maria Tiziana, “Femminismo e chador, le donne di Allah,” Naples, Italy, Il Mattino, February. 1996 Smith, Roberta, “In Tomblike Vaults, the Future Flickers and Hums,” The New York Times, August 9. 1995 Zaya, Octavio, “Neshat: Quiero contarel complejo mundo de la mujer musulmana,” Spain, DIARIO 16. 1995 Turner, Jonathan, “Biennial Blues,” Artnews, Summer 1995 Orientation: 4th International Istanbul Biennial Transculture, Biennial of Venice, exhibition catalogue, Venice, Italy. 1994 Beyond the Borders: Art by Recent Immigrants, exhibition catalogue, The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx, NY. 1994 Zaya, Octavio, “Shirin Neshat and the Women of Allah,” interview, France, Purple Prose #7. 1994 Wallach, Amei, “Rejecting The Melting Pot: My Canvas, My Self, Shirin Neshat,” New York Newsday. 1993 Bobby, Kate, “Exploring the Secrets of the Veil,” interview, New Directions For Women. 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