巴巴拉·克鲁格

　　1945年生于美国新泽西，女性主义摄影家，现在洛杉矶和纽约居住。   

　　广告、宣传和传教士的祈祷，它们的作用犹如磁铁一般，如果获得成功，是因其抓住了大众所关心问题的要害，将他们吸引住，使其不愿离开。巴巴拉·克鲁格仿效平常的广告语言与方式，将这些口号式的语言以艺术的手法表现出来。她常常选用红色、白色等反差很大的色彩，并将黑白摄影作品与印刷相结合，形成鲜明的个性风格。此外，她还设计许多了招贴画、T恤衫和购物袋。自从她的第一幅标语式的招贴画于1983年在纽约时代广场出现，并引发不同的反响之后，她的作品一直以大众和政治为主题。例如，她为1989年美国妇女在华盛顿举行的维权示威活动设计了招贴画“你的身体是战场”；她编写了女权主义宣传册“我们不需要新的英雄”，该宣传册被翻译成多种文字。此外，她还出版了几部反对歧视少数民族和艾滋病患者的书籍。90年代以后，深入的思考取代了具体的行动，巴巴拉·克鲁格开始专心于对大众宣传历史和攻心策略的研究。她的作品日益多媒体化，文字与声音相结合，图片与录像投影相统一是她新的创作风格。

　　看巴巴拉·克鲁格(Barbara Kruger)的作品，想起的却是早年司空见惯的政治宣传画，例如：“批林批孔，立志务农干革命。”“打倒美帝，打倒苏修，打倒各国反动派！”还有前苏联那幅著名招贴，一个红军战士双目如炬，指着观众的胸膛：“你参加红军了吗？”有人说她的招贴式作品脱胎于商业广告，读读这些句子却不像：“你消磨时间”，“你们摧毁你们视为异己的”，“你的疯狂变成科学”。没有哪个商家会用如此粗鲁的态度对待自己的潜在顾客。

　　克鲁格1945年出生于美国新泽西州，设计学院毕业后，长期担任平面设计师，当她1980年代开始搞艺术的时候，很自然借用了广告招贴的形式。作品里的图片并不是她自己拍摄的，多半取自过期的杂志和广告，裁剪加工，添上文字。她描述自己的工作说：“我基本上是拿来一张图片然后在它上面放上一些什么词语。我的创作实际上就是一种替换性的工作。用我自己想出来的某句话来替换本来图像中的像‘买这件毛线衫’这样的话。”

　　挪用现成的图像，在后现代艺术家中很常见，把流通过的商业图片借用来抨击商业社会，更有讽刺意义。典型的克鲁格风格，通常是黑白图片，简洁的宣传语被拆成多行词组，用红底白字显示，对比强烈。克鲁格是最善于运用文字的艺术家之一。那些凝练的口号仿佛警句，让人印象深刻，过目难忘。

　　“你的身体就是战场。”这是她1989年一幅招贴画上的宣传语，印在女人的头像上，后来广为传播，成了女性主义最著名的口号之一。她要揭示的是，在男权社会中，女性身体一直作为男性的战利品和财产而存在。她的另外一些作品如“我的脸是你的财富” 、 “我们被命令保持不动” 、 “我们正在变成展览品” ，要表达的都是这样一种观点。

　　她对消费主义文化进行了辛辣的嘲讽。有件作品的口号是 “我购故我在” ，对笛卡儿的名句“我思故我在”进行了颠覆。在我们的时代，物质已经取代思想，成为我们确证自我存在的方式。她的著名口号还有“当听到文化一词我掏出支票簿”、“金钱可以替你买来爱情”、“像我们一样信仰”等。对于权力、金钱、物质和性，她都进行了无情的批判，不妨将她的作品看成一种立场鲜明的政治宣传。

　　宣传招贴也好，商业海报也好，矗立在公共场所时就有了一种强迫性，让我们无法躲避。克鲁格将自己的作品放置在地铁、街道和广场的广告牌上，大张旗鼓宣传自己的观点；她还将部分作品制成明信片、购物袋，或印在T恤衫上出售，广泛传播。这些都是需要金钱的，她还没有傻到愿意为改变这个社会而散尽家财，所以她更经常把自己的招贴画配上红色玻璃框，贴上售价标签，在画廊里展示。最后这点非常重要，它迫使人们将这些招贴画当成艺术而不是广告，同时成就了克鲁格作为艺术家而不是设计师的名声——二者的价位，差别可大呢。

Barbara Kruger

1945 Born in Newark, New Jersey
1965 Education: Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
1966 Parsons School of Design, New York, NY
Lives in New York City and Los Angeles, California

Selected Exhibitions

2008 Southern Exposure, Museum of Contemporary Art Sydney, Sydney, NSW
2007 Dangerous Beauty, CAM - Chelsea Art Museum, New York City, NY
2006 Women Only! In Their Studios, Polk Museum of Art, Lakeland, FL
2005 The Fluidity of Time - Selections from the MCA Collection, Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, MCA Chicago, Chicago, IL
2004 “ipermercati dell’arte”/”Ill consumo rappresentato”, Palazzo Pubblico, Magazini del Sale.
2003 ‘Help’ Barbara Kruger, Sprueth Magers Lee, London
2003 Kunst-Station St. Peter, Köln.
2003 Sprüth/Magers/Lee, London
2003 Skarstedt Fine Art, New York
2002 Palazzo delle Papesse, Siena, Italy.
2002 Monika Sprüth / Philomene Magers, Köln.
2002 “Shopping”, Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt / Main, Germany.
2002 Monika Sprüth / Philomene Magers, München.
2001 “The Overexcited Body”, SESC, São Paulo, Brazil.
2001 South London Gallery, London, England.
2000 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California.
2000 “Inner Eye: Contemporary Art from the Marc and Livia Straus Collection”, Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, New York.
2000 “Sentimental”, Galerie Yvon Lambert, Paris, France.
2000 “Around 1984: A Look at Art in the Eighties”, P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center, Long Island City, New York.
2000 “Lux et Tenebrae: Peter Blum Edition”, Peter Blum/Blumarts, Inc., NYC, NY.
2000 “Picturing Women”, Steven Scott Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland.
2000 “S.O.S.: Scenes of Sounds”, The Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York.
1999 “Inner Eye: Contemporary Art from the Marc and Livia Straus Collection”, Knoxville Museum of Art, Knoxville, Tennessee
1999 “Inner Eye: Contemporary Art from the Marc and Livia Straus Collection”, Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, Georgia.
1999 “Inner Eye: Contemporary Art from the Marc and Livia Straus Collection”, The Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia.
1999 “Art at the End of the Century: Contemporary Art from the Milwaukee Art Museum”, Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama.
1999 “Veronica’s Revenge: Photographies de la collection LAC-Suisse”, Casino Luxembourg and Musee national d’histoire et d’art, Luxembourg.
1999 “Assumed Identity”, Fine Arts Gallery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
1999 “Altered States”, Charles Cowles Gallery, NYC, NY.
1999 “The American Century: Art and Culture 1950-2000”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.
1999 Galerie Yvon Lambert, Paris, France.
1998 Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York.
1998 “Read My Lips: Jenny Holzer, Barbara Kruger, Cindy Sherman”, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia.
1998 “Inner Eye: Contemporary Art from the Marc and Livia Straus Collection”, Samuel P. Harn Museum of Art, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
1998 “Art and the American Experience”, Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazoo, Michigan.
1998 “Fast Forward Trade Marks”, Kunstverein Hamburg.
1997 “The Mediated Object: Selections from the Eli Broad Collections”, Forum for Contemporary Art, Saint Louis, Missouri.
1997 “It’s Only Rock and Roll: Rock and Roll Currents in Contemporary Art”, Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix, Arizona.
1997 “Word to Word”, Linda Kirkland Gallery, NYC, NY.
1997 Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY.
1997 18 Wooster Street/Deitch Projects, NYC, NY.
1996 Museum of Modern Art at Heide, Melbourne, Australia.
1996 “Nudo & Crudo”, Claudia Gian Ferrari Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy.
1996 “NowHere/Incandescent”, Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek, Denmark.
1996 “Sexual Politics: Judy Chicago’s ‘Dinner Party’ in Feminist Art History”, Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Cultural Center, Los Angeles, California.
1996 “Thinking Print: Books to Billboards, 1980-95”, The Museum of Modern Art, NYC, NY.
1996 “Is It Art?”, Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York.
1996 “The Mediated Object: Selections from the Eli Broad Q Collections”, Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge,
1995 “An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Point to Digital”, Mead Art Museum, Amherst, Massachusetts.
1995 “An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Point to Digital”, Auckland City Art Gallery, Auckland, New Zealand.
1995 “An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Point to Digital”, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
1995 “An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Point to Digital”, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
1995 “An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Point to Digital”, Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego, California.
1995 “Civil Rights Now”, Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
1995 “Civil Rights Now”, Cleveland Center for Contemporary Art, Cleveland, Ohio.
1995 “In a Different Light”, University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley, California.
1995 “Paste-Up: Past & Present”, Kent Gallery, NYC, NY.
1995 “Passions Privees”, Musee d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France.
1994 “Wall to Wall”, Serpentine Gallery, London, England.
1994 “World Morality”, Kunsthalle Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
1994 “Imprimatur”, Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts, Montreal, Canada.
1994 Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY.
1994 “Public Interventions”, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts.
1994 “Inaugural Group Show”, Off Shore Gallery, East Hampton, New York.
1994 “New York ‘Unplugged’”, Gallery Cotthem, Knokke-Zoute, Belgium.
1994 “Desire”, Charles Cowles Gallery, NYC, NY.
1994 “Gewalte - Geschaefte”, Neue Gesellschaft fur Bildende Kunst, Berlin, Germany.
1994 “An American Century of Photography: From Dry-Point to Digital”, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
1993 “Dissent, Difference and the Body Politic”, Otis Parsons School of Art and Design, Los Angeles, California.
1993 “Photoplay”, Center for the Fine Arts, Miami, Florida.
1993 “The Mediated Image: American Photography in the Age of Information”, University Art Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
1993 “Biennale d’Art Contemporain”, Lyon, France.
1993 “Inside Out”, Centro per l’Arte Contemporanea Luigi Pecci, Prato, Italy.
1993 “Commodity Image”, International Center of Photography Midtown, NYC, NY.
1993 “Image Makers”, Nassau County Museum of Art, Roslyn Harbor, New York.
1993 “Die Sprache der Kunst - The Language of Art”, Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna, Austria.
1993 “Ciphers of Identity”, Fine Arts Gallery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
1992 Magasin, Centre National d’Art Contemporain, Grenoble, France.
1992 “Power: Its Myths and Mores in American Art, 1961-1991”, Akron Art Museum, Akron, Ohio.
1992 “Power: Its Myths and Mores in American Art, 1961-1991”, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia.
1992 “Devil on the Stairs: Looking Back on the Eighties”, Newport Harbor Art Museum, Newport Beach, California.
1992 “Ars Pro Domo”, Museum Ludwig, Koln, Germany.
1992 “Chaos to Order”, Art Museum of Southeast Texas, Beaumont, Texas.
1992 “15th Anniversary Exhibition”, Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1992 “The Power of the City/The City of Power”, Whitney Museum of American Art Downtown at Federal Reserve Plaza, NYC, NY.
1992 “More Than One Photography: Works Since 1980 From the Collection”, The Museum of Modern Art, NYC, NY.
1992 “Dissent, Difference and the Body Politic”, Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon.
1991 “Beyond the Frame: American Art, 1960-1990”, Setagaya Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan.
1991 “Beyond the Frame: American Art, 1960-1990”, National Museum of Art, Osaka, Japan.
1991 “Beyond the Frame: American Art, 1960-1990”, Fukuoka Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan.
1991 “Words and #s”, Museum of Contemporary Art, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio.
1991 “Buchstablich: Bild und Wort in der Kunst Heute”, Von-der-Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Germany.
1991 “Media Culture”, Studio Oggetto, Milan, Italy.
1991 “Compassion and Protest”, San Jose Museum of Art, San Jose, California.
1991 “The Art of Advocacy”, The Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield, Connecticut.
1991 “Aussenraum-Innenstadt”, Sprengel Museum Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
1991 “Transpositions”, University of South Florida Art Museum, Tampa, Florida.
1991 “Objects for the Ideal Home”, Serpentine Gallery, London, England
1991 “Devil on the Stairs: Looking Back on the Eighties”, Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1991 “Anni 80: Artisti a New York”, Palazzo delle Albere, Museo Provinciale d’Arte Sezione Contemporanea, Trento, Italy.
1991 “Power: Its Myths and Mores in American Art, 1961-1991”, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana.
1991 “False Face”, N.A.M.E. Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1990 “California Annual”, San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco, California.
1990 Duke University Museum of Art, Durham, North Carolina.
1990 Monika Spruth Galerie, Koln, West Germany.
1990 Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1990 Kolnischer Kunstverein, Koln, Germany.
1990 “The Decade Show”, Museum of Contemporary Hispanic Art/The New Museum of Contemporary Art/The Studio Museum in Harlem, NYC, NY.
1990 “The Indomitable Spirit”, The International Center of Photography Midtown, NYC, NY.
1990 “Opening Exhibition, 20th Century Pavilion”, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.
1990 “The Last Decade: American Artists of the 80’s”, Tony Shafrazi Gallery, NYC, NY.
1990 “Art et Publicite”, Musee National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
1990 “The Charade of Mastery”, Whitney Museum of American Art Downtown at Federal Reserve Plaza, NYC, NY.
1990 “Words as Symbols”, The Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield, Connecticut.
1989 Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY.
1989 Galerie Bebert, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
1989 Fred Hoffman Gallery, Santa Monica, California.
1989 John Doyle Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1989 “Making Their Mark: Women Artists Move Into the Mainstream, 1970-85”, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio.
1989 “Making Their Mark: Women Artists Move Into the Mainstream, 1970-85”, New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana.
1989 “Prospect 89”, Frankfurt Kunstverein and Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany.
1989 “Bilderstreit”, Rheinhalle, Koln, West Germany.
1989 “A Forest of Signs: Art in the Crisis of Representation”, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California.
1989 “Magiciens de la Terre”, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
1989 “Viennese divan: Sigmund Freud nowadays”, Museum of the 20th Century, Vienna, Austria.
1989 “Making Their Mark: Women Artists Move Into the Mainstream, 1970-85”, Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado.
1989 “Making Their Mark: Women Artists Move Into the Mainstream, 1970-85”, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1989 “The Desire of the Museum”, Whitney Museum of American Art Downtown at Federal Reserve Plaza, NYC, NY.
1989 “Image World: Art and Media Culture”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.
1989 Castello di Rivoli, Turin, Italy.
1988 “Biennial of Sydney”, Sydney, Australia.
1988 “Modes of Address: Language in Art Since 1960”, Whitney Museum of American Art Downtown at Federal Reserve Plaza, NYC, NY.
1988 Fischbach Gallery, NYC, NY.
1987 Artists Space, NYC, NY.
1987 P.S. 1, Long Island City, New York.
1987 Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY.
1987 Crousel/Hussenot Galerie, Paris, France.
1987 Monika Spruth Galerie, Koln, West Germany.
1987 National Art Gallery, Wellington, New Zealand.
1987 “1987 Biennial Exhibition”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.
1987 “L’epoque, la mode, la morale, la passion”, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
1987 “El Arte y Su Doble”, Fundacion Caja de Pensiones, Madrid, Spain.
1987 “Documenta 8”, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany.
1987 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California.
1987 Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden.
1987 “Emerging Artists 1978-1986: Selections from the Exxon Series”, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NYC, NY.
1986 “New Acquisitions from New York”, Memphis Brooks Museum, Memphis, Tennessee.
1986 “Barbara Kruger and Jenny Holzer”, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.
1986 “Rooted Rhetoric”, Lia Rumma Gallery, Naples, Italy.
1986 “American Myths”, Kent Fine Art, NYC, NY.
1986 “El Arte y Su Doble”, Centro Cultural de la Fundacio Caixa de Pensions, Barcelona, Spain.
1986 Annina Nosei Gallery, NYC, NY.
1986 Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1986 University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley, California.
1986 Hillman/Holland Gallery, Atlanta, Georgia.
1986 Krannert Art Museum, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois.
1986 “The Real Big Picture”, Queens Museum, Queens, New York.
1986 “Admired Works”, John Weber Gallery, NYC, NY.
1986 Light Gallery, NYC, NY.
1986 Kunsthalle Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, West Germany.
1986 Metro Pictures, NYC, NY.
1986 The Crescent Gallery, Dallas, Texas.
1986 Postmasters Gallery, NYC, NY.
1986 “Spectrum: In Other Words”, The Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
1986 “Maelstrom”, Emily Lowe Gallery, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York.
1986 “Painting and Sculpture Today: 1986”, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, Indiana.
1986 “An American Renaissance: Painting and Sculpture from 1940 to the Present”, Museum of Art, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
1986 “Dissent: The Issue of Modern Art in Boston”, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts.
1986 “Surrealismo: La Dolce Vita 80’s”, Barbara Braathen Gallery, NYC, NY.
1986 “Ein Anderes Klima: Kunsterinnen gebrauchen neue Medien”, Kunsthalle Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, West Germany.
1986 “Paravision”, Margo Leavin Gallery, Los Angeles, California.
1986 “Products and Promotion”, San Francisco Camerawork, San Francisco, California.
1985 “1985 Biennial Exhibition”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.
1985 “New York, New Art”, ARCA, Marseille, France.
1985 “Ecrans politiques”, Musee d’Art Contemporain, Montreal, Canada.
1985 “Kunst mit Eigen-Sinn”, Museum fur Moderne Kunst, Vienna, Austria.
1985 “Secular Attitudes”, Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California.
1985 “Subjects and Subject Matter”, London Regional Art Gallery, London, Ontario, Canada.
1985 “New York: Ailleurs et Autrement”, ARC, Musee d’Art Moderne, Paris, France.
1985 “New Editions by Peter Blum”, Lorence/Monk Gallery, NYC, NY.
1985 “New Art”, Modernism Gallery, San Francisco, California.
1985 Monika Spruth Galerie, Koln, West Germany.
1985 Center for Contemporary Art, Seattle, Washington.
1985 “Talking Back to the Media”, Multi Media Project, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1985 “June Group Show”, Nature Morte Gallery, NYC, NY.
1985 Installation, AREA Nightclub, NYC, NY.
1985 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California.
1985 Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut.
1985 Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, Texas.
1984 Kunsthalle Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
1984 Kajima Gallery, Montreal, Canada.
1984 Nouveau Musee, Lyon, France.
1984 Watershed Gallery, Bristol, England.
1984 Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1984 Crousel/Hussenot Galerie, Paris, France.
1984 Annina Nosei Gallery, NYC, NY.
1984 “Content: A Contemporary Focus”, Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, DC.
1984 “Group Show”, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts.
1984 “Private Symbol/Social Metaphor”, Biennial of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
1984 “Sexuality and Representation”, Institute of Contemporary Art, London, England.
1984 “Photography Used in Contemporary Art”, National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Japan.
1984 “El Arte Narrativo”, Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City, Mexico.
1984 “Ansatzpunkte kritischer Kunst heute”, Berlin, West Germany.
1984 “Written Imagery Unleashed in the Twentieth Century”, Fine Arts Museum of Long Island, Hempstead, New York.
1984 “Holzer/Kruger Prints”, Spirit Square Art Gallery, Charlotte, North Carolina.
1984 “Contemporary Perspectives 1984”, Bucknell University Art Gallery, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.
1984 “The Axis of Sexuality”, The Banff Art Center, Alberta, Canada.
1984 “The Difference: On Representation and Sexuality”, The New Museum, NYC, NY.
1984 “The Difference: On Representation and Sexuality”, Institute of Contemporary Art, London, England.
1983 “Contemporary Photographers”, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
1983 “The Revolutionary Power of Women’s Laughter”, Protech/Mc Neil Gallery, NYC, NY.
1983 “Starting Points of Young Critical Artists”, Kunstverein, Bonn, Germany.
1983 “Artist-Critic”, White Columns, NYC, NY.
1983 “Currents”, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts.
1983 “Group Show”, Young/Hoffman Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1983 American Graffiti Gallery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1983 Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, NY.
1983 “Contra Media”, Alternative Museum, NYC, NY.
1983 “Fashion Fictions”, White Columns, NYC, NY.
1983 “1983 Biennial Exhibition”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.
1983 “Critical Content: Contemporary Perspectives”, Long Beach Museum of Art, Long Beach, California.
1983 “Art and Social Change, U.S.A.”, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.
1983 Times Square Spectochrome Sign, NYC, NY.
1983 Institute of Contemporary Art, London, England.
1983 Larry Gagosian Gallery, Los Angeles, California.
1983 Annina Nosei Gallery, NYC, NY.
1982 Larry Gagosian Gallery, Los Angeles, California
1982 CEPA/Hallwalls Gallery, Buffalo, New York.
1982 “Documenta 7”, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel, West Germany.
1982 “La Biennale di Venezia”, Venice, Italy.
1982 “Image Scavengers”, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts.
1982 “Photographs In”, Daniel Wolff Gallery, NYC, NY.
1982 “Frames of Reference”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.
1982 “The American Exhibition”, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
1982 “Art and Media”, Renaissance Society, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
1982 “Public Vision”, White Columns, NYC, NY.
1982 “The Atomic Salon”, Ronald Feldman Gallery, NYC, NY.
1981 “Nineteen Emerging Artists”, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NYC, NY.
1981 “Gender”, Group Material Gallery, NYC, NY.
1981 “Pictures and Promises”, The Kitchen, NYC, NY.
1981 “Love is Blind”, Castelli Photography Gallery, NYC, NY.
1981 “Inespressionismo Americano”, Genoa, Italy.
1981 “Biennial Photography”, Vienna, Austria.
1981 “Public Address”, Annina Nosei Gallery, NYC, NY.
1980 “Four Different Photographers”, Padiglione di Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy.
1979 “Imitation of Life”, University of Hartford, Hartford, Connecticut.
1979 Franklin Furnace Archive, NYC, NY.
1979 Printed Matter, NYC, NY.
1976 John Doyle Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1973 “1973 Biennial Exhibition”, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, NY.